The, manufactured in, one of the two original SLRs for eye-level viewing that went into production in 1949. The Italian offered its first production SLR, the series 1000, the same year.A single-lens reflex camera ( SLR) is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence 'reflex' from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With and, the viewed image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured. Main article:As a small matter of history, the first 35 mm camera (non-SLR) to feature through the lens light metering may have been Nikon, with a prototype rangefinder camera, the SPX. According to the website below, the camera used Nikon 'S' type rangefinder lenses.Through-the-lens light metering is also known as 'behind-the-lens metering'. In the SLR design scheme, there were various placements made for the metering cells, all of which used CdS photocells.

The cells were either located in the pentaprism housing, where they metered light transmitted through the focusing screen; underneath the reflex mirror glass itself, which was Topcon's design; or in front of the shutter mechanism, which was the design used by Canon with their Canon Pellix.Pentax was the first manufacturer to show an early prototype 35 mm behind-the-lens metering SLR camera, which was named the. The camera was shown at the show. However, the first (TTL) SLR on the market was the 1963, which had the CdS metering cell placed behind the reflex mirror. The mirror had narrow slits cut into the surface to let the light reach the cell providing. Late in the following year, a production model of the Pentax Spotmatic was shown whose CdS light meter cells were on the pentaprism, reading the light off the focusing screen providing average reading, yet keeping the Spotmatic name, but now written in one word. Another clever design appeared in 1965, the Canon Pellix employing a that is semi-transparent, placing the meter cell on an arm swinging into the lightpass behind the mirror for meter reading.Mamiya Sekor came out with cameras such as the Mamiya Sekor TL and various other versions.

What Is a 35mm SLR Film Camera? SLR stands for single-lens reflex, with these cameras arranging the viewfinder, prism, and mirror so that you can view the exact scene you will expose on the film. The demarcation 35mm refers to the width of the photographic film used in the camera, which is the standard for most motion pictures and film photography. Digital SLR Cameras. A digital SLR (single-lens reflex) camera uses a mirror placed behind the lens to show you the true image you'll see in the photo. This gives you a more accurate picture than a camera with a viewfinder. When choosing a digital SLR camera, consider whether you'll be shooting in automatic or manual mode.

Yashica introduced the TL Super. Both of these cameras used M42 screw thread lenses as did the Pentax Spotmatic. Later on Fujica introduced their ST-701, then ST-801 and ST-901 cameras.

The ST-701 was the first SLR to use a silicon cell photodiode, which was more sensitive than CdS and was immune to the memory effect that the CdS cell suffered from in bright sunlight. Gradually, other 35 mm SLR camera manufacturers changed their behind-the-lens meters from CdS cells to Silicon Diode photocells.Other manufacturers responded and introduced their own behind-the-lens metering cameras. Nikon and Miranda, at first, simply upgraded their interchangeable pentaprisms to include behind-the-lens metering (for Nikon F, and Miranda D, F, Fv and G models) and these manufacturers also bought out other camera models with built-in behind-the-lens metering capability, such as the Nikkormat FT and the Miranda Sensorex (which used an external coupling diaphragm). Main article:The first 35 mm SLR was the released in 1981.The, released in 1985, was the first 35 mm SLR with integrated autofocus and motorized film-advance winder, which became the standard configuration for SLR cameras from then on. This development had significant impact on the photographic industry.Some manufacturers discarded their existing lens systems to compete with other manufacturer's autofocus capability in their new cameras. This was the case for Canon, with its new EOS lens line.

Other manufacturers chose to adapt their existing lens systems for autofocus capability, as was the case with Nikon and Pentax. This allowed photographers to continue using their existing lenses, which greatly reduced the cost of upgrading. For example, almost all Nikon lenses from the 1960s and later still function on the current Nikon bodies, only lacking autofocus. Still some manufacturers, notably Leica with its lenses, and Contax with its Zeiss lenses, decided to keep their lens mounts non-autofocus.

Typical film SLR viewfinder informationFrom the late 1980s competition and technical innovations made 35 mm camera systems more versatile and sophisticated by adding more advanced light metering capabilities such as spot-metering; limited area metering such as used by Canon with the F1 series; matrix metering as used by Nikon, exposure communication with dedicated electronic flash units. The user interface also changed on many cameras, replacing meter needle displays that were galvanometer-based and thereby fragile, with (LEDs) and then with more comprehensive (LCDs) both in the SLR viewfinder and externally on the cameras' top plate using an LCD screen.

Wheels and buttons replaced the shutter dial on the camera and the aperture ring on the lens on many models, although some photographers still prefer shutter dials and aperture rings. Some manufacturers introduced on certain lenses to combat camera shake and to allow longer hand-held exposures without using a tripod. This feature is especially useful with long telephoto lenses.Digital SLRs. Main article:Canon, Nikon and have all developed digital SLR cameras (DSLRs) using the same lens mounts as on their respective film SLR cameras. Konica Minolta did the same, and after having bought Konica Minolta's camera division in 2006 Sony continue using the Minolta AF lens mount in their DSLRs, including cameras built around.

Samsung builds DSLRs based on the lens mount., on the other hand, chose to create a new digital-only SLR standard, adopted later by Panasonic and Leica.Contax came out with a DSLR model, the. This model was too late and too expensive to be competitive with other camera manufacturers. The Contax N-digital was the last Contax to use that maker's lens system, and the camera, while having impressive features such as a full-frame sensor, was expensive and lacked sufficient write-speed to the memory card for it to be seriously considered by some professional photographers.The digital single-lens reflex camera have largely replaced film SLR's design in convenience, sales and popularity at the start of 21st century.Optical components. Cross-section view of SLR system: 1: Front-mount lens (four-element Tessar design) 2: Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3: Focal plane shutter 4: Film or sensor 5: 6: Condenser lens 7: Optical glass pentaprism (or pentamirror) 8: Eyepiece (can have diopter correction ability)A cross-section ( or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is reflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on the matte (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece (8). When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the or (4) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.This feature distinguishes SLRs from other cameras as the photographer sees the image composed exactly as it will be captured on the film or (see below).Pentaprisms and penta-mirrors.

A perspective drawing showing how a roof pentaprism corrects a laterally reversed SLR image.Most 35 mm SLRs use a roof or penta-mirror to direct the light to the eyepiece, first used on the 1948 constructed by and patented August 1943 (Hungary). With this camera also appeared the first.The first Japanese pentaprism SLR was the 1955, followed by the Asahi Pentax, Minolta SR-2, Zunow, Nikon F and the Pentamatic. Some SLRs offered removable pentaprisms with optional viewfinder capabilities, such as the, the interchangeable sports finders used on the Canon F1 and F1n; the F, F2, F3, F4 and F5; and the Pentax LX.Another prism design was the system used in the, the Pen FT, the Pen FV half-frame 35 mm SLR cameras.

This was later used on the series, the Digilux 3 and the.A right-angle finder is available that slips onto the eyepiece of most SLRs and D-SLRs and allows viewing through a waist-level viewfinder. There is also a finder that provides EVF remote capability.Shutter mechanisms.

Main article:Almost all contemporary SLRs use a located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure. There are various designs for focal plane shutters.

Early focal-plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain. During fast shutter speeds, the focal-plane shutter would form a 'slit' whereby the second shutter curtain was closely following the first opening shutter curtain to produce a narrow, vertical opening, with the shutter slit moving horizontally. The slit would get narrower as shutter speeds were increased. Initially these shutters were made from a cloth material (which was in later years often rubberised), but some manufacturers used other materials instead.

Nippon Kōgaku (now ), for example, used foil shutters for several of their flagship SLR cameras, including the, and.Other focal-plane shutter designs, such as the Square, travelled vertically — the shorter travelling distance of 24 millimetres (as opposed to 36 mm horizontally) meant that minimum exposure and flash synchronisation times could be reduced. These shutters are usually manufactured from metal, and use the same moving-slit principle as horizontally travelling shutters. They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter.

Vertical shutters became very common in the 1980s (though, and Copal first pioneered their use in the 1950s and 1960s, and are almost exclusively used for new cameras. Nikon used Copal-made vertical plane shutters in their Nikomat/Nikkormat -range, enabling x-sync speeds from ​ 1⁄ 30 to ​ 1⁄ 125 while the only choice for focal plane shutters at that time was ​ 1⁄ 60. Later, Nikon again pioneered the use of titanium for vertical shutters, using a special honeycomb pattern on the blades to reduce their weight and achieve world-record speeds in 1982 of ​ 1⁄ 4000 second for non-sync shooting, and ​ 1⁄ 250 with x-sync. Nowadays most such shutters are manufactured from cheaper aluminium (though some high-end cameras use materials such as and ).Rotary focal-plane shutter One unusual design, the half-frame 35 mm SLR system, manufactured by Olympus in Japan, used a rotary focal-plane shutter mechanism that was extremely simple and elegant in design. This shutter used titanium foil but consisted of one piece of metal with a fixed opening, which allowed electronic flash synchronisation up to and including its maximum speed of 1/500 of a second – rivalling the capabilities of leaf-shutter systemsAnother 35 mm camera system that used a rotary shutterwas the Robot Royal cameras, most of which were rangefinder 35 mm cameras. Some of these cameras were full-frame; some were half-frame, and at least one Robot camera produced an unusual square-sized image on the 35 mm frame.The Mercury II, produced in 1946, also used a rotary shutter.

This was a half-frame 35 mm camera.Leaf shutters Another shutter system is the, whereby the shutter is constructed of diaphragm-like blades and can be situated either between the lens or behind the lens. If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures.An example of a behind-the-lens leaf shutter is found in the 35 mm SLRs produced by, with their Retina Reflex camera line; Topcon, with their Auto 100; and Kowa with their SE-R and SET-R reflexes.A primary example of a medium-format SLR with a between-the-lens leaf shutter system would be, with their 500C, 500 cm, 500 EL-M (a motorized Hasselblad) and other models (producing a 6 cm square negative).

Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film.Other medium-format SLRs also using leaf shutters include the now discontinued Zenza-Bronica camera system lines such as the Bronica ETRs, the ETRs'i (both producing a 6 × 4.5 cm. Image), the SQ and the SQ-AI (producing a 6 × 6 cm image like the Hasselblad), and the Zenza-Bronica G system (6 × 7 cm).

PartsSince the technology became widespread in the 1970s, SLRs have become the main photographic instrument used by dedicated amateur photographers and professionals. Some photographers of static subjects (such as architecture, landscape, and some commercial subjects), however, prefer because of the capability to control perspective. With a triple-extension bellows 4' × 5' camera such as the Linhof SuperTechnika V, the photographer can correct certain distortions such as 'keystoning', where the image 'lines' converge (i.e., photographing a building by pointing a typical camera upward to include the top of the building).

Are available in the 35 mm and medium formats to correct this distortion with film cameras, and it can also be corrected after the fact with photo software when using digital cameras. The photographer can also extend the bellows to its full length, tilt the front standard and perform photomacrography (commonly known as '), producing a sharp image with depth-of-field without stopping down the lens diaphram.Film formats. Main article:Early SLRs were built for photography, but this film format has largely lost favor among professional photographers. SLR film-based cameras have been produced for most as well as for digital formats. These film-based SLRs use the as, this film format offers a variety of emulsions and film sensitivity speeds, usable image quality and a good market cost.

35 mm film comes in a variety of exposure lengths: 20 exposure, 24 exposure and 36 exposure rolls. SLRs provide a higher-quality image with a negative that can be more easily retouched than the smaller 35 mm negative, when this capability is required.A small number of SLRs were built for such as the Canon IX series and the Nikon Pronea cameras. SLRs were also introduced for film formats as small as Kodak's, such as the, which had interchangeable lenses. Other features found on many SLR cameras include and sophisticated flash control referred to as 'dedicated electronic flash'. In a dedicated system, once the dedicated electronic flash is inserted into the camera's hot shoe and turned on, there is then communication between camera and flash. The camera's synchronization speed is set, along with the aperture. Many camera models measure the light that reflects off of the film plane, which controls the flash duration of the electronic flash.

This is denoted.Some electronic flash units can send out several short bursts of light to aid the autofocus system or for wireless communication with off-camera flash units. A pre-flash is often used to determine the amount of light that is reflected from the subject, which sets the duration of the main flash at time of exposure. Some cameras also employ automatic fill-flash, where the flash light and the available light are balanced. While these capabilities are not unique to the SLR, manufacturers included them early on in the top models, whereas the best rangefinder cameras adopted such features later.Advantages Many of the advantages of SLR cameras derive from viewing and focusing the image through the attached lens. Most other types of cameras do not have this function; subjects are seen through a viewfinder that is near the lens, making the photographer's view different from that of the lens. SLR cameras provide photographers with precision; they provide a viewing image that will be exposed onto the negative exactly as it is seen through the lens. There is no error, and exact focus can be confirmed by eye—especially in and when photographing using.

The may be seen by stopping down to the attached lens, which is possible on most SLR cameras except for the least expensive models. Because of the SLR's versatility, most manufacturers have a vast range of lenses and accessories available for them.Compared to most fixed-lens compact cameras, the most commonly used and inexpensive SLR lenses offer a wider aperture range and larger maximum aperture (typically to f/1.8 for a 50 mm lens). This allows photographs to be taken in lower light conditions without flash, and allows a narrower depth of field, which is useful for blurring the background behind the subject, making the subject more prominent. 'Fast' lenses are commonly used in theater photography, portrait photography, surveillance photography, and all other photography requiring a large maximum aperture.The variety of lenses also allows for the camera to be used and adapted in many different situations. This provides the photographer with considerably more control (i.e., how the image is viewed and framed) than would be the case with a view camera.

In addition, some SLR lenses are manufactured with extremely long focal lengths, allowing a photographer to be a considerable distance away from the subject and yet still expose a sharp, focused image. This is particularly useful if the subject includes dangerous animals (e.g., wildlife); the subject prefers anonymity to being photographed; or else, the photographer's presence is unwanted (e.g., celebrity photography or surveillance photography). Practically all SLR and DSLR camera bodies can also be attached to telescopes and microscopes via an adapter tube to further enhance their imaging capabilities.Disadvantages In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs—such as, autofocus and digital cameras with (EVF)—owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses with deeply recessed rear elements from being mounted close to the film or sensor unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex designs are required. During an exposure, the viewfinder is blockedThe SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure.

In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration.

Partially reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been used in a very few designs including the and the, but these designs introduce their own problems. These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image.

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To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability. Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages. More recently, have resurrected the pellicle mirror concept in their ' (SLT) range of cameras.Reliability SLRs vary widely in their construction and typically have bodies made of plastic or magnesium. Most manufacturers do not cite durability specifications, but some report shutter life expectancies for professional models.

For instance, the Canon EOS 1Ds MkII is rated for 200,000 shutter cycles and the newer Nikon D3 is rated for 300,000 with its exotic carbon fiber/kevlar shutter. Because many SLRs have interchangeable lenses, there is a tendency for dust, sand and dirt to get into the main body of the camera through the mirror box when the lens is removed, thus dirtying or even jamming the mirror movement mechanism or the shutter curtain mechanism itself.

In addition, these particles can also jam or otherwise hinder the focusing feature of a lens if they enter into the focusing helicoid. The problem of sensor cleaning has been somewhat reduced in as some cameras have a built-in sensor cleaning unit.Price and affordability The price of SLRs in general also tends to be somewhat higher than that of other types of cameras, owing to their internal complexity. This is compounded by the expense of additional components, such as flashes or lenses. The initial investment in equipment can be prohibitive enough to keep some casual photographers away from SLRs, although the market for used SLRs has become larger particularly as photographers migrate to digital systems.Future of SLRs The has largely replaced the film SLR for its convenience, sales, and popularity at the start of 21st century. These cameras are currently the marketing favorite among advanced amateur and professional photographers. Film-based SLRs are still used by a niche market of enthusiasts and format lovers. See also.References.

One was patented in 1861 , but it is not clear if a second example was ever produced; Calvin Rae Smith's design of a Patent Monocular Duplex camera was advertised and sold. Spira, The History of Photography, 119. Stephen, Gandy. Stephen Gandy's CameraQuest. Retrieved 2008-06-08. The Rokkor Files.

November 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-23.

'Those smart new 35 mm automatic cameras'. Changing Times. 34.005:23: 23–26.

1980 – via Proquest. Pentax Imaging Company. Pentax history of innovations. Archived from on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-10-22.

Busch, David D. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 2013-10-15. Tal, Guy.

Nature Photographers Online Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-28.Further reading. Spira, S. The History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection. New York: Aperture, 2001. Antonetto, Marco: 'Rectaflex – The Magic Reflex'. Nassa Watch Gallery, 2002.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

Photography in Malaysia's.

The list of companies still making 35mm-film cameras is fading fast. Many photographers rely on eBay for used analog cameras, but what if you want one that's shiny and new? (Image credit: Leica M7. Credit: Leica)Fear not. Here's our roundup of manufacturers that refuse to give up on the 35mm-film camera.

NikonNikon is the last company that still churns out high-end SLR cameras, and it makes only one model – the F6. With a price tag of, this camera doesn't come cheap, but it's a steal compared to a new Leica rangefinder. The F6 is compatible with every Nikon lens made since 1977, and it can record your camera settings (EXIF data) to a CF card.

LeicaLeica rangefinders were the cameras of choice for legendary photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson, Elliott Erwitt and Nick Ut. The brand is iconic in the world of 35mm-film photography, and it still produces three analog cameras today – the, and.(Image credit: Leica MP. Credit: Leica)The cameras are known for their compact size, classic design and quiet shutters. With apertures as low as f/1.25, Leica's M-system lenses are among the fastest in the industry.Quality doesn't come cheap, though. The least expensive of the bunch, the M-A, costs $4,450 — without a lens.Kodak and FujifilmKodak and Fujifilm are still making their classic disposable cameras. The Fujifilm comes pre-loaded with 400 ISO film and is available in a two-pack on Amazon ($13). Kodak's has 800 ISO film and costs $16 for a two-pack.

Both companies also produce waterproof models that can shoot at depths of 17 feet and 50 feet.For those seeking a more artsy aesthetic, makes a single-use camera that comes pre-loaded with 400 ISO black-and-white film that can be developed using a C-41 process – meaning you can drop off the camera anywhere that accepts color film.MORE. Lomographic Society InternationalIf you love vignetting, funky colors and multiple exposures, there are plenty of new 35mm-film cameras available from (LOMO or Lomography for short). The society has designed a number of unique models, but these toy cameras prize creativity over quality.Popular designs include the ($99), which comes with colorful flash filters, and the ($53), which has the ability to change between square and half-frame formats.

For ultra-wide-angle photography, consider LOMO's ($370), which has a built-in 17mm lens, or the 10mm ($55). Lomography also produces its own 35mm films. Get them before they're goneA handful of 35mm-film cameras that were recently discontinued can still be found in stores. Lomography enthusiasts should check out the ($90), which was adapted from the iconic Holga 120N medium-format camera.

If you want a rangefinder and can't afford a Leica, try getting your hands on a ($900) or ($1,000). Both models lack autofocus and auto-exposure capabilities, so buyers should be comfortable using nothing but manual settings.