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The inrun and table at in, 2008All these increasingly long distances came at a price, as illustrated by filmmaker in his 1974 documentary. During both the aforementioned events in Oberstdorf and Planica, several athletes including Steiner had far exceeded the limits of the hill by 'out-jumping' it or simply 'running out of slope'. Jumps were much further than in the 1950s, during which the old was still in use. The results were now potentially fatal each time: athletes were coming only metres away from landing on completely flat ground, or the equivalent of. Furthermore, only a wool cap and goggles – or no headgear at all – were worn; an antiquated feature left unchanged from the very earliest days of ski jumping more than 150 years prior. In 1979, at their 32nd International Ski Congress in, France, the FIS mandated helmets to be worn by athletes at all ski jumping and flying events.In Herzog's documentary, Steiner is shown to reflect with trepidation in Oberstdorf:Ski flying has reached the point where it's beginning to present real dangers. We've just about reached the limit, I believe, as far as speed is concerned.

Maybe I'd prefer to turn back and go back to flying off 150- or 130-metre hills, but it's the thrill of flying so far that nevertheless gives me a kick.Further down the hill and pointing to a wooden marker indicating Steiner's failed efforts, Herzog explains solemnly:This mark is, in fact, the point where ski flying starts to be inhuman. Walter Steiner was in very great danger. If he'd flown 10 m (33 ft) more, he'd have landed down here on the flat. Just imagine, it's like falling from a height of 110 m (360 ft) onto a flat surface: to a certain death.In Planica, Herzog quoted Steiner as having said that he felt like he was in an arena with 50,000 people waiting to see him crash. On the third day of the event, while talking to journalists after a jump, Steiner appeared jaded at the organisers' pressure on him to set more world records at the expense of his well-being: 'They let me jump too far four times. That shouldn't happen. It's scandalous of those Yugoslav judges up there who are responsible.'

The stalemate between the venues did not last long, as four world records were set in Oberstdorf within a span of four days in 1976, bringing the official figure up to 176 m (577 ft) set by at the end of the event. Three years later, Planica drew level once again when equalled the world record. Elsewhere, in the Western Hemisphere, the United States opened its own ski flying venue in 1970: in, had a K-point of 145 m, therefore not designed for world record distances from the outset. It is the only ski flying hill to have been built outside of Europe. 1980s Harrachov joins in, Planica versus Oberstdorf continues. The ski jumping and flying hills at in, 2011. The modern curvature of the reprofiled slope can be seen on the flying hill (top), which used to be a much steeper drop.The dangers of ski flying were still on full display at the in Harrachov, where suffered a similar crash to the ones which occurred in Kulm in 1986.

On the first day of the event, a few seconds into his second jump, dangerous wind conditions forced Goldberger to lose control at a height of around 9 m and a speed of more than 107.4 km/h (66.7 mph), sending him plummeting face-first onto the hill below. He was taken by helicopter to a hospital, having sustained a broken arm and collarbone, and a concussion.

Also crashed, but was able to walk away with some help.The second and final day of the event was stopped due to worsened weather, culminating in a high-speed fall by just as he landed a world record-equalling jump of 194 m, albeit rendered because of the fall. With the event cancelled, Goldberger's efforts from earlier were enough to earn him a silver medal behind eventual winner, who became the first non-European Ski Flying World Champion. Goldberger was able to return to top-level competition within less than a year.Protective wind nets by the side of the hill were later installed in Harrachov for to minimise the effects of crosswind, along with major reprofiling of the slope to comply with FIS safety regulations. This reprofiling – particularly at the hill's highest point, known as the knoll – was critical in reducing the fearsome height reached by athletes after takeoff, verified to be 15–18 m (49–59 ft) in 1980. Thanks to these modifications, athletes no longer jumped with as much height as before and no major accidents have occurred in Harrachov since 1992.Speaking about his experience at the 1983 Ski Flying World Championships in Harrachov, Mike Holland said:Climbing over the knoll, I thought 'this is SO damned high, I shouldn't be this high.' Since I wasn't ready for such height and speed, I threw out my arms at the end of the flight and let myself down 4 m (13 ft) short of the world record. Technique changes: parallel to V-style.

Using a wide with skis almost crossed at the back, 2012 Breaking the 200 metre barrier In 1994, ski flying returned to a newly independent Slovenia, where the hill in Planica had been reprofiled with the aim of allowing for jumps of more than 200 m. The FIS was strongly against this and initially threatened to cancel the event on the grounds that its regulations on hill design had been violated.

Negotiations between the organisers in Planica and the FIS managed to defuse the situation, allowing that year's to take place. Before the event, said: 'Of course I want to be the first to reach 200 m, but I think that 210 m (690 ft) or 215 m (705 ft) are also possible.' With most athletes having switched to the V-style, the sport was about to reach one of its biggest ever milestones. During the training round on the opening day of the event, jumped 196 m (643 ft) to edge the world record ever closer to 200 m. This was the first time a world record had been set using the V-style, with Piotr Fijas' being the last to use the parallel style. Andreas Goldberger got tantalisingly close to the magic number when he landed at 202 m (663 ft) but failed to maintain his balance as he squatted down and touched the snow with his hands, rendering his jump an. The official honours went to only a short time later, who cleanly landed a history-making jump of 203 m (666 ft) to claim both the world record and the achievement of being the first ever ski jumper to break the 200 m barrier.On the next day during the second training round, Christof Duffner almost had his moment of glory when he jumped 207 m (679 ft), but fell upon landing just as he had done two years earlier in Harrachov.

In that same training round, Espen Bredesen claimed the world record for himself with a clean jump of 209 m (686 ft). The restrictive rule concerning jumps beyond 191 m, in place since 1986, was subsequently abolished by the FIS. However, as the rule was still in place at the time of Nieminen and Bredesen's jumps, their additional distances were nullified. This handed (with a jump of 185 m) the Ski Flying World Championship at the end of the event, which was shortened to only a single competition round due to strong winds forcing cancellation of the other.In 2014, Nieminen spoke about the jump that cemented his name in the history books:It was the kind of jump in which, even when arriving at the bottom of the hill in the landing position and not knowing at all what lies ahead, I remember that my legs were trembling. That's how terrified I was. Overcoming your own fears is the best feeling. The nature of the sport is that one has to challenge themselves.

That's why this jump has remained a highlight of my career. Planica dominates. The inrun at in, 2008Unlike ski jumping, which can be contested in the summer on specially equipped hills with plastic surfaces, ski flying is strictly a and not part of the; no world records have therefore been set in the history of the Olympics. Also in contrast to ski jumping, athletes are not able to practice on ski flying hills out-of-season, as they are sanctioned only for competition events. Among the there was an unwritten forbidding athletes under the age of 18 to participate in ski flying events, but exceptions were made for 17-year-old in 2017 and 18-year-old in 2018.Rather than being considered a separate sport on its own, ski flying is essentially an offshoot of ski jumping involving larger hills and longer jump distances. According to former US national ski jumping coach Larry Stone, 'It's the same thing, just bigger.

You're going faster and flying higher. Basically, it's just a real big jump.' The competitive standard for distance in ski flying is in the range of 230–240 m, with 254 m being the absolute longest distance reached to date, at in Norway. By comparison, distances of 120–140 m (390–460 ft) are the standard on most ski jumping hills, and the longest distance to date is 152 m (499 ft), set at in Germany.Hills. See also:The main difference between ski flying and ski jumping pertains to hill design, as mandated by the FIS. Historically, hills with a (German: Konstruktionspunkt) – or target landing zone – of more than 145 m were classed as ski flying hills. As jump distances increased by the decade, so did a small number of unique hills at locations seeking to outdo each other in a friendly rivalry for world record honours.

Since 1980, there have only been five of these hills in Europe and one in the US.On all active ski flying hills, the K-point is set between 185–200 m; far greater than the largest ski jumping hills, which only have K-points of up to 130 m (430 ft). The, which is the total length of the slope from the down to a certain distance beyond the K-point, is set between 210–240 m on ski flying hills; on ski jumping hills it is a maximum of 145 m (476 ft). In the landing zone, the angle of the hill is between 33.2–35 degrees.Seven ski flying hills in total were constructed between 1934 and 1980, with subsequent renovations being made in the decades since. Six are currently in use, but only five of them as flying hills. The joint largest hills in the world are Vikersundbakken in Norway and in Slovenia. The joint second largest are in Austria and in Germany. The smallest is in the Czech Republic.OpenedHill nameLocationK-pointHill sizeHill record holderHill record distanceRef.1934K130HS 140147.5 m (484 ft)1936K200HS 240253.5 m (832 ft)1950HS 235244 m (801 ft)HS 235238.5 m (782 ft)1969PlanicaHS 240252 m (827 ft)1970K145HS 175Mathias Wallner158 m (518 ft)1980K185HS 210214.5 m (704 ft)Proposals There have been a number of proposed ski flying hills, most of which never reached the construction stage.

Two were announced in 2007 in Finland, in and, but neither project was realized. In Norway, prior to the renovation of Vikersund, there were serious talks about constructing a new ski flying hill at in. The most recent proposal has come from China, together with German architects, who are in the development stages of a ski jumping and flying hill complex at the Wangtiane ski resort in the.In the US, plans are ongoing to reopen, the only ski flying hill built outside of Europe. It would remain the smallest of the active hills, but the only one equipped for summer events and out-of-competition training.

See also:The most prestigious event in ski flying is the, which was first held in Planica in and has been staged biennially since, in a rotating schedule at all hills except Ironwood. The World Championships replaced various incarnations of International Ski Flying Week, which ran from 1953 to 1989. Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded after two competitions, with the total points winner receiving the title of Ski Flying World Champion. A team competition was introduced in, in which medals are also awarded.Ski flying events outside of the World Championships are a regular feature on the calendar, usually occurring on two or three hills; unusually, the staged events on four hills (one as part of the World Championships, three in the World Cup). Because athletes almost always participate in both disciplines, points scored in ski flying also count towards the Ski Jumping World Cup standings. From to, and from onwards, an additional title and trophy for the has been awarded at the end of each season to the overall points winner of solely ski flying competitions, even if only one took place.

Rules and technique. FIS race director Walter HoferA ski flying event consists of several preliminary stages, culminating in a competition to decide a winner and subsequent order.

Within an event there are up to three competitions – individual, and sometimes team – all taking place on separate days. These competitions are contested somewhat differently depending on whether an event is staged as part of the. In both events, a training round takes place on the opening day, as well as a trial round before each competition; these non-scoring rounds are practice or warm-up sessions, and athlete participation is optional.Individual competitions Ski Flying World Championships In this event there is a qualification round on the opening day, in which up to 70 athletes each jump once to ensure their place for the competition. 40 of these places are available in the first competition, which is narrowed down to 30 for the second competition and remains that way. The starting order of jumps in the qualification round is based on the athletes' current rank within the standings in reverse order of points: the leader (who is assigned a distinctive yellow bib) jumps last. The result of qualification determines the order of jumps in the first competition round; the winner of the qualification receives prize money, and is again the last to jump.The event proper is composed of two competitions, with two rounds each.

In the very first round, all 40 qualified athletes complete a single jump. After points for distance and style are achieved, only the top 30 scorers from the first round proceed to the second, while the rest are eliminated from the event. In round two, the starting order is based on the results of the first round: the lowest scoring athlete jumps first, while the leader has the last jump of that competition. For the second competition, the starting order for round three uses the results from the first competition, with athletes again jumping in ascending order of points. After the fourth and final round, the athlete with the most points accumulated from both competitions is declared the Ski Flying World Champion.Ski Flying World Cup Events under the Ski Flying World Cup have several differences to the Ski Flying World Championships. The latter is an isolated, one-off event in the same vein as the and, whereas the Ski Flying World Cup is part of the overall Ski Jumping World Cup season, and uses. These points contribute towards both Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup standings; the former being effectively a 'mini season' within the latter.

A feature shared with the Ski Flying World Championships is that the starting order switches over from the Ski Jumping World Cup standings to the Ski Flying World Cup standings after the first qualification round of the latter, and remains that way for all subsequent events.Much like in the Ski Jumping World Cup, events are composed of usually one or two individual competitions (rarely three, as was the case in both Vikersund and Planica in ), with a qualification round before each one. If there are two competitions, qualification for the second takes place on the same day. The limit of 40 places per competition still applies (unless a cancelled ski jumping competition is rescheduled to a flying hill), but unlike the Ski Flying World Championships, if an athlete fails to qualify for one competition they still have the opportunity to make a fresh start and qualify for the others.

Eliminated athletes from qualification can also apply to be test jumpers or V-jumpers (German: Vorspringer) for the opportunity to gain further ski flying experience. If the very last competition of a World Cup season takes place on a ski flying hill, only the top-30 ranked athletes will participate as an 'invitational', with neither an elimination process after the first round, nor a qualification round.To have a chance of winning a competition, two consistently good jumps must be made. If an athlete finds themselves in an uncompetitive position after the first round, their challenge in the second is to make up ground via the attrition of other athletes, their own distance and style points, and wind/gate compensation. For an athlete who had a poor jump in round one, it is possible for them to climb up the order in round two with an exceptional jump, and if other competitors fall by the wayside.

Conversely, a high-scoring athlete may lose their advantage from round one if their second jump is not up to par.Cancellations. Team competition podium ceremony in Vikersund, 2012. From left to right: Germany, Austria, Slovenia.A common situation in ski jumping, and especially ski flying due to the magnified risks overall, arises when unfavourable weather conditions cause a competition to be cut short or cancelled completely; it is also not uncommon for an entire event to be cancelled. Reasons include strong winds, a lack of (or too much) snow, or poor visibility for athletes and judges.

In the case of a shortened competition, the scores from the first round (if completed) are used to determine the final result. This is called a single-round competition and still counts towards both the Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup.For the World Championships, if one of the two competitions is cancelled, the final result will be based on the competition that took place.

Due to bad weather, all four competition rounds of a World Championship event have not been completed since.Team competitions As in ski jumping, team competitions are often included at ski flying events. These are contested as part of the World Cup, but points instead count towards a separate Nations Cup for teams; athletes' individual World Cup standings are unaffected. A national team is made up of four athletes selected by their head coach. There can be upwards of eight teams from different countries, providing they are able to field a full team of four.Just like individual competitions, there are two rounds, but with a difference. Each round is divided into four rotations, in which a member of every team jumps once in the same order. Points are scored the same as they are in individual competitions; however, an athlete's points for a jump are instead added to their team's total tally.

The starting order of teams in the first round, and first three rotations of the second round, is based on their standings in the Nations Cup. Teams are narrowed down to eight for the second round based on points scored, with the same four athletes jumping in their order of rotation as before.In the very last rotation, the starting order of teams switches to that of the points tally going in; the athlete on the leading team jumps last. The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the competition, after which the top three final teams (or more in the event of a tie) participate in a podium ceremony.Specialists. Main article:Due to the extreme speeds and heights involved, coupled with potentially hazardous and unpredictable wind conditions, ski flying has long had a reputation for being highly dangerous.

It has been described as an, and in terms such as 'simply insane' and the 'gnarlier, even more dangerous, faceplant-ridden cousin' of ski jumping. Although there have been no recorded fatalities, many serious accidents – known as 'falls' or 'crashes' – have occurred throughout its history on every hill.As jumps have increased in distance, sometimes the absolute hill limit – designated as the fall line – is exceeded. This is known as 'out-jumping the hill', 'landing on the flat', or in the worst case a 'flat-ground crash', which occurs when an athlete jumps too far beyond the safety of the slope and lands near, or onto, completely flat ground. In other media. From 1970 to 1998, 's crash in Oberstdorf was featured prominently on the opening montage of in the United States.

The career of and his quest for a ski flying world record was documented in the 1974 film, by filmmakerGallery.

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