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A bandy pictogramBandy is a played on, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal.The sport is considered a form of and has a common background with. Bandy has also been influenced by the rules of: both games are normally played in halves of 45 minutes, there are 11 players on each team, and the fields in both games are about the same size. Bandy is played, like ice hockey, on ice but players use bowed sticks and a small ball, as in field hockey.A variant of bandy, is played to the same rules but on a field the size of an ice hockey rink, with ice hockey goal cages and with six players on each team, or five in. Traditional eleven-a-side bandy and rink bandy are recognized by the. More informal varieties also exist, like seven-a-side bandy with normally sized goal cages but without corner strokes. Those rules were applied at in 2016.Rink bandy has in turn led to the creation of the sport.

Bandy is also the predecessor of, which was invented when people started playing with plastic bandy-shaped sticks and lightweight balls when running on the floors of indoor gym halls.Based on the number of participating athletes, bandy is the world's second-most participated winter sport after. Bandy is also ranked as the number two winter sport in terms of tickets sold per day of competitions at the sport's world championship.However, compared with the seven, bandy's popularity compared to that of other winter sports across the globe is considered by the to represent a 'gap between popularity and participation and global audiences.' This is held to constitute a roadblock to future Olympic inclusion. Match between and at Sollentunavallen in Sweden in 2006Bandy is played on ice, using a single round ball. Two teams of 11 players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal using sticks, thereby scoring a goal.The game is designed to be played on a rectangle of ice the same size as a football field.

Bandy also has other rules that are similar to football. Each team has 11 players, one of whom is a. The rule is also employed.

A goal cannot be scored from a goal throw, but unlike football, a goal can be scored from a stroke-in or a corner stroke. All free strokes are 'direct' and allow a goal to be scored without another player touching the ball.The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner. If both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then, with some exceptions, the game is a.The primary rule is that the players (other than the goalkeepers) may not intentionally touch the ball with their heads, hands or arms during play. Although players usually use their sticks to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their heads, hands or arms and may use their skates in a limited manner. Heading the ball results in a five-minute penalty.In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by, passing the ball to a teammate, and taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper.

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Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball. However, physical contact between opponents is limited. Bandy is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the. After a stoppage, play can recommence with a free stroke, a penalty shot or a corner stroke. If the ball has left the field along the sidelines, the referee must decide which team touched the ball last, and award a restart stroke to the opposing team, just like football's throw-in.The rules do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who take the ball from the opposition and pass it to the forwards.

Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further differentiated by which side of the field the player spends most time in. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in these positions in any combination (for example, there may be three defenders, five midfielders, and two forwards), and the number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensive style of play.

While players may spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of the players on the pitch is called the team's formation, and defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager(s).Rules Overview.

The goalkeeper has no stick.Each team consists of a maximum of 11 players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. A team of fewer than eight players may not start a game. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, and they are only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.Though there are a variety of in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the rules of the game.The positions and formations of the players in bandy are virtually the same as the common and the same terms are used for the different positions of the players. A team usually consists of defenders, midfielders and forwards. The defenders can play in the form of centre-backs, full-backs and sometimes wing-backs, midfielders playing in the centre, attacking or defensive, and forwards in the form of centre forward, second strikers and sometimes a winger. Sometimes one player is also taking up the role of a libero.Any number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game.

Substitutions can be performed without notifying the referee and can be performed while the ball is in play. However, if the substitute enters the ice before his teammate has left it, this will result in a five-minute ban. A team can bring at the most four substitutes to the game and one of these is likely to be an extra goalkeeper.A game is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules, whose decisions are final. The referee may have one or two assistant referees. A secretary outside of the field often takes care of the match protocol. Making of an historic bandy ball in stages, from the original cork on the left to the final ball painted red, with a modern to far rightThe basic equipment players are required to wear includes a pair of Bandy, a, a mouth guard and, in the case of the goalkeeper, a face guard.The teams must wear uniforms that make it easy to distinguish the two teams.

The goal keeper wears distinct colours to single him out from his or her teammates, just as in football. The, sticks and any tape on the stick must be of another colour than the, which shall be orange or cerise.In addition to the aforementioned, various protections are used to protect knees, elbows, genitals and throat.

The pants and gloves may contain padding.The bandy stick. A bandy stick and ballThe stick used in bandy is an essential part of the sport. It should be made of an approved material such as wood or a similar material and should not contain any metal or sharp parts which can hurt the surrounding players. Sticks are crooked and are available in five angles, where 1 has the smallest bend and 5 has the most.

Bend 4 is the most common size in professional bandy. The bandy stick should not have similar colours to the ball, such as orange or pink; it should be no longer than 127 centimetres (50 in), and no wider than 7 centimetres (2.8 in). Swedish U17 player on a corner strokeA is 45–65 metres (148–213 ft) by 90–110 metres (300–360 ft), a total of 4,050–7,150 square metres (43,600–77,000 sq ft), or about the same size as a and considerably larger than an.

Along the sidelines a 15 cm (6 in) high border (vant, sarg, wand, wall) is placed to prevent the ball from leaving the ice. It should not be attached to the ice, to glide upon collisions, and should end 1–3 metres (3 ft 3 in–9 ft 10 in) away from the corners.Centered at each shortline is a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide and 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) high goal cage and in front of the cage is a half-circular penalty area with a 17 m (56 ft) radius.

A penalty spot is located 12 metres (39 ft) in front of the goal and there are two free-stroke spots at the penalty area line, each surrounded by a 5 m (16 ft) circle.A centre spot with a circle of radius 5 m (16 ft) denotes the center of the field. A centre-line is drawn through the centre spot parallel with the shortlines.At each of the corners, a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) radius quarter-circle is drawn, and a dotted line is painted parallel to the shortline and 5 metres (16 ft) away from it without extending into the penalty area. The dotted line can be replaced with a 0.5-metre (1 ft 8 in) long line starting at the edge of the penalty area and extending towards the sideline, 5 metres (16 ft) from the shortline. Duration and tie-breaking measuresA standard adult bandy match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play; the referee can, however, make allowance for time lost through significant stoppages as described below.

There is usually a 15-minute break. The end of the match is known as full-time.The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, and must be reported to the match secretary and the two captains. The referee alone signals the end of the match.If it is very cold or if it is snowing, the match can be broken into thirds of 30 minutes each. At the extremely cold some matches were played in four periods of 15 minutes each and with extra long breaks in between.

In the World Championships the two halves can be 30 minutes each for the nations in the B division.In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, the game will be replayed.

As an alternative, the extra two times 15-minutes may be played as 'golden goal' which means the first team that scores during the extra-time wins the game. If both extra periods are played without a scored goal, a penalty shootout will settle the game. The teams shoot five penalties each and if this doesn't settle the game, the teams shoot one more penalty each until one of them misses and the other scores.Ball in and out of play.

Main article:Under the rules, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each with a stroke-off (a set strike from the centre-spot by one team) until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of six restart methods depending on how it went out of play:. Stroke-off. Goal-throw. Corner stroke. Free-stroke.If the time runs out while a team is preparing for a free-stroke or penalty, the strike should still be made but it must go into the goal by one shot to count as a goal.

Similarly, a goal made via a corner stroke should be allowed, but it must be executed using only one shot in addition to the strike needed to put the ball in play. Free-strokes and penalty shotsFree-strokes can be awarded to a team if a player of the opposite team breaks any rule, for example, by hitting with the stick against the opponent's stick or skates. Free-strokes can also be awarded upon incorrect execution of corner-strikes, free-strikes, goal-throws, and so on. Or the use of incorrect equipment, such as a broken stick.Rather than stopping play, the may allow play to continue when its continuation will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as 'playing an advantage'.

The referee may 'call back' play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four to five seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised because the referee plays an advantage, the offender may still be sanctioned (see below) for any associated misconduct at the next stoppage of play.If a defender violently attacks an opponent within the penalty area, a penalty shot is awarded.

Certain other offences, when carried out within the penalty area, result in a penalty shot provided there is a goal situation. These include a defender holding or hooking an attacker, or blocking a goal situation with a lifted skate, thrown stick or glove and so on. Also, the defenders (with the exception of the goal-keeper) are not allowed to kneel or lie on the ice. The final offences that might mandate a penalty shot are those of hitting or blocking an opponent's stick or touching the ball with the hands, arms, stick or head. If any of these actions is carried out in a non-goal situation, they shall be awarded with a free-stroke from one of the free-stroke spots at the penalty area line. A penalty shot should always be accompanied by a 5 or 10 minutes penalty (see below).

If the penalty results in a goal, the penalty should be considered personal meaning that a substitute can be sent in for the penalised player. This does not apply in the event of a red card (see below). Warnings and penalties. Blue: 10 minutes penalty, red:A ten-minute penalty is indicated through the use of a blue card and can be caused by protesting or behaving incorrectly, attacking an opponent violently or stopping the ball incorrectly to get an advantage.The third time a player receives a penalty, it will be a personal penalty, meaning he or she will miss the remainder of the match.

A substitute can enter the field after five or ten minutes. A full game penalty can be received upon using abusive language or directly attacking an opponent and means that the player can neither play nor be substituted for the remainder of the game. A is indicated through the use of a red card.OffsideThe rule effectively limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. Closer to the opponent's goal-line) of the ball, the second-to-last defending player (which can include the goalkeeper), and the half-way line. This rule is in effect just like. International International federation. A record eighteen countries participated in the World Championships of.

Blue means Division A countries, red Division B countries as of the 2017 tournament and green the other members. Latvia, which was relegated from Division A in 2016, made a late cancellation in 2017.The for men is arranged by the FIB and was first held in 1957. It was held every two years starting in 1961, and every year since 2003.

Currently the record number of countries participating in the World Championships is twenty (2019). Since the number of countries playing bandy is not large, every country which can set up a team is welcome to take part in the World Championship. The quality of the teams varies; however, with only six nations, Sweden, Russia, Norway, and, having won medals (allowing for the fact that Russia's team took over from the in ). Won the 2004 world championship in, Sweden, while all other championships have been won by Sweden, the and Russia.In February 2004, Sweden won, hosted in, without conceding a goal. In Russia won, for the first time toppling the from the throne. In 2016 Sweden took the title back.

In 2018 the tournament was played in a totally country for the first time when in China hosted it.The same goes for the men's tournament (the area north and west of the is located in Europe, thus Kazakhstan is a ), when hosted.There are also in different age groups for boys and young men and in one age group for girls. The oldest group is the under 23 championship,.Olympic Movement Bandy is recognized by the, and was as a at the in. However, it has yet to officially be played at the.FIB president lobbied for Bandy to be included in the in Sochi, given Russia's prominence in the sport. Members of the were present at the 2017 world championships to meet with Skrynnik about the possibility of considering the sport for the in Beijing. However, in 2018 it was announced no new sports would be added for 2022.Compared with the seven, bandy's popularity across the globe is considered by the to have a, 'gap between popularity and participation and global audiences', which is a roadblock into future Olympic inclusion.Asian Winter Games. On the programmeBandy made its debut at the Winter Universiade during the.

Originally a six team tournament for men and a four team tournament for women were planned to be held. However, later China withdrew from the men's tournament and was supposed be replaced by Belarus. Since that did not happen either, participating teams among women were Russia, Sweden, Norway and USA, while among men Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Kazakhstan.There is a chance for participation also in. In fact expects it to happen. World Cup The World Championships should not be confused with the annual in, Sweden, which has been played annually since the 1970s and is the biggest bandy tournament for elite level club teams.

It is played indoors in since 2009 because Ljusdal has no indoor arena. It is expected to return to Ljusdal once an indoor arena has been built. World Cup matches are played day and night, and the tournament is played in four days in late October.

The teams participating are mostly, and some years exclusively, from Sweden and Russia, which has the two best leagues in the world.Since 2007, there is also a for women's teams. Varieties is a variety played on an ice hockey-size rink. It was in the programme of the 2012 European Company Sports Games.Some FIB countries don't have a large ice surface and only play rink bandy at home; this includes most of the World Championships Group B participants.Countries ChinaThe was set up in 2014 and China has since then participated in a number of world championship tournaments, with men's, women's and youth teams. China Bandy is mainly financed by private resources. The development of the sport in China is supported by the.England. Bury FenThe first recorded games of bandy on ice took place in during the great frost of 1813–1814, although it is probable that the game had been played there in the previous century.

From, near, was the most successful team, remaining unbeaten until the winter of 1890–1891. Of the Bury Fen bandy club was responsible for the first published rules of bandy in 1882, and also for introducing the game into the Netherlands and Sweden, as well as elsewhere in England where it became popular with cricket, rowing and hockey clubs. Tebbutt's home-made bandy stick can be seen in the Norris Museum in St Ives.The first between and were played to bandy rules, even if it was called hockey on ice at the time.England won the in 1913, but that turned out to be the grand finale, and bandy is now virtually unknown in England. In March 2004, Norwegian ex-player Edgar Malman invited two big clubs to play a exhibition game in, London. RussianChampions and World Cup Winner met Swedish Champions in a match that ended 10–10. In 2010 England became a member.

The federation is based in Cambridgeshire, the historical heartland.The England Bandy Federation, now the Great Britain Bandy Federation, was set up on 2 January 2017 at a meeting held in the historic old skaters public house, the in in, replacing the Bandy Federation of England which was founded in 2010. President is Rev Lyn Gibb-de Swarte of and past resident of Streatham in south west London, where she was chair of the Streatham ice speed club, ice hockey club and of the association of ice clubs. Vice Presidents; Simon Seager and Les Mead. Chair is Andrew Hutchinson. Treasurer is Tammy Nichol Twallin. General Secretary, Fixtures and Minutes Secretary, Cathy Gibb-de Swarte.

Participation Officer, Anders Gidrup. Recruitment UK is Oscar Gillingham Aukner. They are all busy promoting the sport for all and will be instituting rink bandy around the country. The president is the project director of the Project and plans are already drawn for a 400 metres indoor and an inner ice pad 100 × 60 metres.

In September 2017, the federation decided to widen its territory to all of the United Kingdom and changed its name to. Great Britain entered a national team in the 2019 World Championships Group B in January and undefeated up to the final, won the silver medal in their final match against Estonia.EstoniaBandy was played in Estonia in the 1910s to 1930s and the country had a for some years. The national team played friendlies against Finland in the 1920s and '30s. The sport was played sporadically during Soviet occupation 1944–1991. It has since then become more organised again, partly through exchange with Finnish clubs and enthusiasts.

As of 2018, Estonia takes part in both the and the.Finland. A match in FinlandBandy was introduced to Finland from Russia in the 1890s. Finland has been playing bandy friendlies against Sweden and Estonia since its independence in 1917.The first were held in 1908 and was the first national Finnish championship held in any team sport.

National champions have been named every year except for three years in the first half of the 20th Century when Finland was at war. The top national league is called and is semi-professional.

The best players often go fully professional by being recruited by clubs in Sweden or Russia.Finland was an original member of the Federation of International Bandy and is the only country beside Russia/Soviet Union and Sweden to have won a Bandy World Championship, which it did in.Germany. Captain of theBandy has a long history in many parts of the country and it used to be one of the most popular sports in Soviet times. However, after independence it suffered a rapid decline in popularity and only remained in (often called by the Russian name, Uralsk), where the country's only professional club is located.

They are competing in the Russian second tier division, the. Recently bandy has started to gain popularity again outside of Oral, most notably in. Those were for example the three Kazakh cities which at the Youth-17 World Championship 2016 had players in the team.

The capital has hosted national youth championships in. As well as championships in traditional eleven-a-side bandy. The former capital has in recent years hosted both the Asian Winter Games (with bandy on the program) as well as the Bandy World Championship in which Kazakhstan finished 3rd. Plans are made to reinvigorate the bandy section of the club Dynamo Almaty, who won the in 1977 and 1990 as well as the in 1978. The also has its headquarters in Almaty. Since a few years the state is supporting bandy. In Almaty is the only arena with artificial ice.

A second arena in Almaty was built for the, but it was taken down afterwards. In was supposed to get artificial ice for the 2017–18 season. It got delayed but in 2018 it was officially ready for use. Mongoliatook a silver medal at the, which led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sport team of 2011.

Mongolia was proud to win the bronze medal of the B division at the after which the then, held a reception for the team. Introduced bandy to the Netherlands.Bandy was introduced to the Netherlands in the 1890s by and the sport became popular. However, in the 1920s, the interest turned to ice hockey, but in contrast to other countries in central and western Europe, the sport has been continuously played in the Netherlands and since the 1970s, the country has become a member of FIB and games have been more formalised again.

Started to compete at the WCS in. However, without a proper venue, only is played within the country.

The national governing body is the. Celebrating the bronze medal inBandy was introduced to Norway in the 1910s. The contributed largely, and clubs sprang up around the capital of., including neighbouring towns, is still today the region where bandy enjoys most popularity in Norway.In 1912 the played their first, which was played annually up to 1940.

During WWII, illegal bandy was played in hidden places in forests, on ponds and lakes. In 1943, −44 and −45, illegal championships were held.

In 1946 legal play resumed and still goes on. After WWII the number of teams rose, as well as attendance which regularly were in the thousands, but mild winters in the 1970s and 80s shrunk the league, and in 2003 only five clubs (teams) fought out the 1st division with low attendance numbers and little media coverage.In recent years, the number of artificially frozen pitches have increased in Norway, and more sports clubs have reinvigorated their bandy sections with new men's and youth teams. Because of this, as well as an increase of players in Norway, the competitiveness of the game has risen, especially in the first division Eliteserien. The adult men's game in Norway today consists of Eliteserien with eight teams, as well as three lower divisions.

Bandy in Norway has also started to spread geographically, but some clubs in apart locations in the 3rd division only have access to ice hockey rinks and therefore play rink bandy for home games. Compared to the past, attendance is still fairly low, but important Eliteserien matches can attract around 1000 spectators. InIn Russia bandy is known as hockey with a ball or simply Russian hockey. A similar game became popular among the Russian nobility in the early 1700s, with the imperial court of playing a predecessor of modern bandy on 's frozen river. Russians played this game using ordinary footwear, with sticks made out of juniper wood, only later were skates introduced. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that bandy became popular among the masses throughout the. Traditionally the Russians used a longer skate blade than other nations, giving them the advantage of skating faster.

However, they would find it more difficult to turn quickly. A bandy skate has a longer blade than a hockey skate, and the 'Russian skate' is even longer.When the Federation of International Bandy was formed in 1955, with the Soviet Union as one of its founding members, the Russians largely adopted the international rules of the game developed in England in the 19th century, with one notable exception. The other countries adopted the border.Bandy is considered a in Russia and is the only discipline to have official support of the.The is played every year and the winner in the final becomes. The has been played annually (except for just some years) since 1937.After the victory in the, the fourth in a row, received four players of, and of the, the Russian Bandy Federation as well as President in. He talked, among other things, about the need to give more support to Russian bandy.

It was the first time a had accepted a meeting to talk about Russian bandy. Attending the meeting were also and presidential adviser. The month after, Igor Levitin held a follow-up meeting.

After the 2010 final at in, SwedenBandy was introduced to Sweden in 1895. The, noblemen and diplomats were the first players. For men have been played annually since 1907. In the 1920s students played the game and it became a largely middle class sport. After won the Swedish championship in 1934 it became popular amongst workers in the smaller industrial towns and villages.

Bandy remains the main sport in many of these places.Bandy in Sweden is famous for its 'culture' – both playing bandy and being a spectator requires great fortitude and dedication. A ' ' is the classic accessory for spectating – it is typically made of brown leather, well worn and contains a warm drink in a thermos and/or a bottle of liquor.Bandy is most often played at outdoor arenas during winter time, so the need for spectators to carry flasks or thermoses of 'warming' liquid like is a natural effect.A notable tradition is ', bandy games played on, which for many is an important season tradition and always draws bigger crowds than usual. Games traditionally begin at 1:15 pm.is played every year on the third Saturday of March.

From 1991 to 2012, it was played at in, often drawing crowds in excess of 20,000. The reason the play-off match was set in Uppsala is because of 's success in the beginning of the 20th century. IFK Uppsala won 11 titles in the Swedish Championships between 1907 and 1920, which made them the most successful bandy club in the entire country. Now, however, the record is held.

A contributing factor was the poor quality of the ice at, where the finals were held from 1967 to 1989.In 2013 and 2014 the final was played indoors in, the national stadium for football in, with a retractable roof and a capacity of 50 000. The first final at Friends Arena in 2013 drew a record crowd of 38,474 when, after ending up in second place in six finals during the 2000s, won their second title. Due to declining attendance since, for 2015 through 2017 in southern was chosen as a new venue. However, the new indoor venue failed to attract much more than half of the total capacity. In May 2017 it was announced that the finals will again be held at Studenternas IP in Uppsala from 2018 to 2021.SwitzerlandIn the late 19th and early 20th century, Switzerland had become a popular place for winter vacations and people went there from all over Europe. Winter sports like skiing, sledding and bandy was played in Geneva and other towns. Students from Oxford and Cambridge went to Switzerland to play each other – the predecessor of the recurring was a bandy match played in in 1885.

This popularity for Swiss venues of winter sport may have been a reason, the European Championship was held there in 1913.Bandy has mainly been played as a recreational sport in Switzerland in the last decade, but a Swiss national team took part in the.UkraineBandy was played in Ukraine when it was part of the Soviet Union. After independence in 1991, it took some years before organised bandy formed again, but have been named annually since 2012.United States.